Nervous and Muscular system

Nervous and Muscular system : Brief outline of human brain structure.

Cranial Nerves : Distribution and Function.Spinal cord – Structure and major functions, Reflex arc (types) and reflex action : Conditional and unconditional reflexes.

Autonomic : sympathetic and parasympathetic (definition only) nervous system.

Synapse : Structure and mechanism of synaptic transmission.

Different types of muscles and their structure, properties of muscles
(i) Excitability (ii) Contractility (iii) All or none law (iv) Refractory period (v) Summation of stimuli (vi) Tetanus (vii) Rigor mortis; Machanism of muscle contraction.

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Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids

Biomolecules : Classification and structural properties of carbohydrates, lipids, aminoacids, proteins and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates : Monosaccharides, digosaccharides, and polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose).

Physical and Chemical principles involved in maintenance of life processes

Physical and Chemical principles involved in maintenance of life processes : Diffusion, Osmosis, Absorption, Osmoregulation.

Microscopy and Electron Microscope

Microscopy : Components and principles of Simple and Compound Microscope;

Electron Microscope : Basic functional principles.

Ultrastructure and functions of cellular components

Ultrastructure and functions of cellular components : Cell wall, Plasma membrane, Plastid, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Lysosomes, Nucleus, Centrosomes, Cilia, Flagella.

Unit of Life

Unit of Life : Definition of life, Cell as the basic unit of life. Cell theory, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell –structure and differences.