Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure
Concept of Nuclear Atom – electron, proton and neutron (charge and mass), atomic number; Rutherford’s model and its limitations; Extra nuclear structure; Line spectra of hydrogen atom. Quantization of energy (Planck’s equation E = hν); Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom and its limitations, Sommerfelds modifications (elementary idea); The four quantum numbers, ground state electronic configurations of many electron atoms and mono-atomic ions; The Aufbau Principle; Pauli’s Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule.

Uncertainty principle; The concept of atomic orbitals, shapes of s, p and d orbitals (pictorial approach)

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Gaseous state

Gaseous state
Measurable properties of gases. Boyle’s Law and Charles Law, absolute scale of temperature, kinetic theory of gases, ideal gas equation – average, root mean square and most probable velocities and their relationship with temperature.

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Valence electrons, the Octet rule, electrovalent, covalent and coordinate covalent bonds with examples; Properties of electrovalent and covalent compounds. Limitations of Octet rule (examples); Fajan’s Rule.
Directionality of covalent bonds, shapes of poly-atomic molecules (examples); Concept of hybridization of atomic orbitals (qualitative pictorial approach) : sp, sp², sp³ and dsp².

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