Aliphatic Compounds: Alkenes and Alkynes

Aliphatic Compounds
Alkanes – Preparation from alkyl halides and carboxylic acids; Reactions – halogenation and combustion.

Alkenes and Alkynes – Preparation by elimination of alcohols, alkyl halides and quaternary ammonium hydroxides, Saytzeff and Hofmann rules; Reactions – electrophilic addition of X₂, HX, HOX, H₂O (X=halogen), ozonolysis, epoxidation and oxidation with KMnO₄, OsO₄ (stereochemistry of addition excluded).
Markownikoff’s and anti-Markownikoff’s additions; Hydroboration; Oxymercuration – demercuration, reduction of alkenes and alkynes (H₂/Lindler catalyst and Na in liquid NH₃), metal acetylides.
Alkyl halides – Preparation from alcohols; Formation of Grignard reagents and their synthetic applications for the preparation of alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and acids; S_N1 and S_N2 reactions (preliminary concept).
Alcohols – Preparation from carbonyl compounds and esters. Reaction – dehydration, oxidation, esterification, reaction with sodium, ZnCl₂ / HCl, phosphorous halides.