Biotechnological application of microbes : (a)Agricultural – Rhizobium and other Nitrogen fixing bacteria, Biofertilizers and Bio-pesticides ; (b) Industrial – Production of curd; tanning and brewery; synthesis of antibiotics, vitamin. (c) Cloning of microbial genes.
Principle of Mathematical Induction : Statement of the principle. Proof by induction for the sum of squares, sum of cubes of first n natural numbers, divisibility properties like 22n–1 is divisible by 3 (n≥1), 7 divides 32n+1+2n+2(n≥1).
Permutation and combination : Permutation of n different things taken r at a time (r≤n). Permutation of n things not all different. Permutation with repetitions (circular permutation excluded).
Quadratic Equations : Quadratic equations with real coefficients; Relations between roots and coefficients; Nature of roots; Formation of a quadratic equation, sign and magnitude of the quadratic expression ax2+bx+c (a,b,c are rational numbers and a≠0).
Complex Numbers: Definition and properties of complex numbers; Complex conjugate; Triangle inequality; Square root of complex numbers; Cube roots of unity; D’Moivre’s theorem (statement only) and its elementary applications.
Logarithms :Definition; General properties; Change of base.
