Biotechnological application of microbes : (a)Agricultural – Rhizobium and other Nitrogen fixing bacteria, Biofertilizers and Bio-pesticides ; (b) Industrial – Production of curd; tanning and brewery; synthesis of antibiotics, vitamin. (c) Cloning of microbial genes.
Biomolecules : Classification and structural properties of carbohydrates, lipids, aminoacids, proteins and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates : Monosaccharides, digosaccharides, and polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose).
Physical and Chemical principles involved in maintenance of life processes : Diffusion, Osmosis, Absorption, Osmoregulation.
Microscopy : Components and principles of Simple and Compound Microscope;
Electron Microscope : Basic functional principles.
Ultrastructure and functions of cellular components : Cell wall, Plasma membrane, Plastid, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Lysosomes, Nucleus, Centrosomes, Cilia, Flagella.
Unit of Life : Definition of life, Cell as the basic unit of life. Cell theory, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell –structure and differences.
