1 FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEMS
1.1 Single-phase Transmission
1.2 The 3-phase Transmission
1.3 Complex Power
1.4 Load Characteristics
1.5 The Per Unit System
2 LINE CONSTANT CALCULATIONS
2.1 Magnetic Flux Density
2.2 Inductors and Inductance
2.3 Magnetic Field Intensity due to a Long Current Carrying Conductor
2.4 Inductance of Two-Wire Transmission Line
2.5 Flux Linkages of One Conductor in a Group of Conductors
2.6 Inductance of 3-ph Unsymmetrically Spaced Transmission Line
2.7 Transposition of Power Lines
2.8 Composite Conductors
2.9 Inductance of Composite Conductors
2.10 Inductance of Double Circuit 3-ph Line
2.11 Concept of Geometric Mean Distance
2.12 Bundled Conductors
2.13 Skin and Proximity Effect
3 CAPACITANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES
3.1 Electric Field of an Infinite Line of Charge
3.2 Potential Difference between Two Points due to a Line Charge
3.3 Two Infinite Lines of Charge
3.4 Capacitance of a 1-ph Transmission Line
3.5 Capacitance of a 3-phase, Unsymmetrically Spaced Transmission line
3.6 Capacitance of a Double Circuit Line
3.7 Effect of Earth on the Capacitance of Conductors
4 PERFORMANCE OF LINES
4.1 Representation of Lines
4.2 Short Transmission Line
4.3 Medium Length Lines
4.4 Long Transmission Lines
4.5 ABCD Constants
4.6 Ferranti-effect
5 HIGH VOLTAGE D.C. TRANSMISSION
5.1 Rectification
5.2 The 3-phase Bridge Rectifier or Graetz Circuit
5.3 Inversion
5.4 Kinds of d.c. Links
5.5 Parallel and Series Connection of Thyristors
5.6 Power Flow in HVDC Transmission System
5.7 Constant Ignition Angle p Control
5.8 Constant Extinction Angle 5 Control
5.9 Constant Current Control
5.10 Actual Control Characteristics
5.11 Frequency Control
5.12 Reactive VAr Requirements of HVDC Converters
5.13 Parallel Operation of d.c. Link with an a.c. Network
5.14 Ground Return
5.15 Circuit Breaking
5.16 Advantages of d.c. Transmission
5.17 Disadvantages
5.18 Cables
5.19 Economic Distances for d.c. Transmission
6 CORONA
6.1 Critical Disruptive Voltage
6.2 Corona Loss
6.3 Line Design Based on Corona
6.4 Disadvantages of Corona
6.5 Radio Interference
6.6 Inductive Interference between Power and Communication Lines
7 MECHANICAL DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINES
7.1 The Catenary Curve
7.2 Sag Tension Calculations
7.3 Supports at Different Levels
7.4 Stringing Chart
7.5 Sag Template
7.6 Equivalent Span
7.7 Stringing of Conductors
7.8 Vibration and Vibration Dampers
8 OVERHEAD LINE INSULATORS
8.1 Types of Insulators
8.2 Potential Distribution Over a String of Suspension Insulators
8.3 Methods of Equalising the Potential
9 INSULATED CABLES
9.1 The Insulation
9.2 Extra High Voltage Cables
9.3 Grading of Cables
9.4 Insulation Resistance of a cable
9.5 Capacitance of a Single Core Cable
9.6 Heating of Cables
9.7 Current Rating of a Cable
9.8 Overhead Lines Versus Underground Cables
9.9 Types of Cables
10 VOLTAGE CONTROL
10.1 Methods of Voltage Control
10.2 Determination ofSynchronous Phase Modifier Capacity
10.3 Sending End Power Circle Diagram
11 NEUTRAL GROUNDING
11.1 Effectively Grounded System
11.2 Ungrounded System
11.3 Resonant Grounding
11.4 Methods of Neutral Grounding
11.5 Generator Neutral Breaker
11.6 Grounding Practice
12 TRANSIENTS IN POWER SYSTEMS
12.1 Transients in Simple Circuits
12.2 3-phase Sudden Short Circuit of an Alternator
12.3 The Restriking Voltage after Removal of Short Circuit
12.4 Travelling Waves on Transmission Lines
12.5 Attenuation of Travelling Waves
12.6 Capacitance Switching
12.7 Overvoltage Due to Arcing Ground
12.8 Lightning Phenomenon
12.9 Line Design Based on Lightning
13. SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS AND FAULT CALCULATIONS
13.1 3-phase Systems
13.2 Significance of Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Components
13.3 Average 3-phase Power in Terms of Symmetrical Components
13.4 Sequence Impedances
13.5 Fault Calculations
13.6 Sequence Network Equations
13.7 Single Line-to-Ground Fault
13.8 Line-to-Ground Fault with Z,
13.9 Sequence Networks
13.10 Faults on Power Systems
13.11 Phase Shift A-Y Transformers
13.12 Reactors
13.13 Concept of Short-Circuit Capacity of a Bus
14. PROTECTRTE RELAYS
14.1 Some Definitions
14.2 Functional Characteristics of a Protective Relay
14.3 Operating Principles of Relays
14.4 Torque Production in an Induction Relay
14.5 Over-current Relays
14.6 Directional Overcurrent Relays
14.7 The Universal Relay Torque Equation
14.8 Differential Relays
14.9 Feeder Protection
14.10 Distance Protection
14.11 Generator Protection
14.12 Protection of Transformers
14. 13 Translay Relay
14.14 Carrier Current Protection
14.15 Comparators
14.16 Static Relays
14.17 Digital Protection
14.18 Fuses and HRC Fuses
14.19 Linear Couplers
14.19.1 Current Transformers
14.19.2 Potential Transformers
15. CIRCUIT BREAKERS
15.1 Arc in Oil
15.2 Arc-interruption Theories
15.3 Current Chopping
15.4 Oil Circuit Breaker
15.5 Air Circuit Breakers
15.6 Air Blast Circuit Breakers
15.7 Vacuum Circuit Breakers
15.8 Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) Circuit Breakers
15.9 Rating of Circuit Breakers
15.10 Testing of Circuit Breakers
15.11 Autoreclosing
16 INSULATION COORDINATION AND OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION
16.1 Volt-time Curve
16.2 Overvoltage Protection
16.3 Ground Wires
16.4 Surge Protection of Rotating Machine
17 POWER SYSTEM SYNCHRONOUS STABILITY
17.1 The Power Flow
17.2 The Swing Equation
17.3 Steady State Stability
17.4 Equal Area Criterion
17.5 Critical Clearing Angle
17.6 Two Finite Machines
17.7 Point-by-point Method
17.8 Factors Affecting Transient Stability
17.9 The Role of Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVr) in Improving Stability
17.10 The Excitation System
17.11 Effect of Grounding on Stability
17.12 Prevention of Steady Pull Out
17.13 Multi-Machine Stability?Classical Model
17.14 Limitations of the Classical Model
18 LOAD FLOWS
18.1 Bus Classification
18.2 Nodal Admittance Matrix
18.3 Development of Load Flow Equations
18.4 Iterative Methods
18.5 Newton-Raphson Method
18.6 Comparison of Solution Methods
18.7 Approximation to Newton-Raphson Method
18.8 Line Flow Equations
18.9 Fast-decoupled Load Flow
19 ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH
19.1 System Constraints
19.2 Economic Dispatch Neglecting Losses
19.3 Optimum Load Dispatch Including Transmission Losses
19.4 Exact Transmission Loss Formula
19.5 Modified Coordination Equations
19.6 Automatic Load Dispatching
19.7 Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC)
20 LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL
20.1 Load Frequency Problem
20.2 Speed Governing System
20.3 Reasons for Limits on Frequency
21 COMPENSATION IN POWER SYSTEM
21.1 Load Compensation
21.2 Loadability Characteristic of O/H Lines
21.3 Uncompensated Transmission Line
21.4 Symmetrical Line
21.5 Radial Line with Asynchronous Load
21.6 Compensation of Lines
21.7 Subsynchronous Resonance
21.8 Active Shunt Compensator
21.9 Static Compensators
21.10 Flexible A.C. Transmission System (FACTS)
22 POWER SYSTEM VOLTAGE STABILITY
22.1 Reactive Power Flow
22.2 Difficulties with Reactive Power Transmission
22.3 Voltage Stability: Definition and Concept
22.4 Power System Loads
22.5 Generation Characteristics
22.6 HVDC Operation
22.7 Voltage Stability Analysis: P-V Curves
22.8 Methods of Improving Voltage Stability
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