Physical Chemistry of Solutions

Submitted by pradipta pramanik on Sun, 02/27/2011 - 13:06

Physical Chemistry of Solutions
Colloidal Solutions – differences from true solutions; Hydrophobic and hydrophilic colloids (examples and uses); Coagulation and peptization of colloids; Dialysis and its applications; Brownian motion; Tyndall effect and its applications; Elementary idea of emulsion, surfactant and micelle.
Electrolytic Solutions – Specific conductance, equivalent conductance, ionic conductance, Kohlrausch’s law, Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, applications. Numerical problems.
Non-electrolytic Solutions – Types of solution, vapour pressure of solutions. Raoult’s Law; Colligative properties – lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure and their relationships with molecular mass (without derivations); Numerical problems.

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Aromatic Aldehydes

Aromatic Aldehydes – Preparation by Gattermann, Gattermann – Koch, Rosenmund and Stephen’s method. Reactions – Perkin, Benzoin and Cannizzaro.

Haloarenes

Haloarenes – Nucleophilic substitution, cine substitution (excluding mechanism).
Phenols – halogenation, sulfonation, nitration, Reimer-Tiemann and Kolbe reactions.

Aromatic Compounds

Aromatic Compounds

Aliphatic Compounds: Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic Acids – Hydrolysis of esters (mechanism excluded) and cyanides; Hunsdicker and HVZ reactions.

Aliphatic Compounds: Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and Ketones – Preparation from esters, acid chlorides, gem-dihalides, Ca-salt of carboxylic acids.