Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Valence electrons, the Octet rule, electrovalent, covalent and coordinate covalent bonds with examples; Properties of electrovalent and covalent compounds. Limitations of Octet rule (examples); Fajan’s Rule.
Directionality of covalent bonds, shapes of poly-atomic molecules (examples); Concept of hybridization of atomic orbitals (qualitative pictorial approach) : sp, sp², sp³ and dsp².
Molecular orbital energy diagrams for homonuclear diatomic species – bond order and magnetic properties.
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) concept (elementary idea) – shapes of molecules. Concept of resonance (elementary idea), resonance structures (examples). Elementary idea about electronegativity, bond polarity and dipole moment, inter- and intra- molecular hydrogen bonding and its effects on physical properties (mp, bp and solubility); Hydrogen bridge bonds in diborane.
Double salts and complex salts, co-ordination compounds (examples only), co-ordination number (examples of co-ordination number 4 and 6 only).

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Integral calculus

Integral calculus : Integration as a reverse process of differentiation, indefinite integral of standard functions.
Integration by parts. Integration by substitution and partial fraction.

Differential calculus

Differential calculus : Functions, composition of two functions and inverse of a function, limit, continuity, derivative, chain rule, derivatives of implicit functions and of functions defined parametrically. Rolle’s Theorem and Lagrange’s Mean Value theorem (statement only).

Co-ordinate Geometry: Circle

Circle : Equation of a circle with a given center and radius. Condition that a general equation of second degree in x, y may represent a circle. Equation of a circle in terms of endpoints of a diameter . Parametric equation of a circle. Intersection of a line with a circle.

Co-ordinate Geometry: Conics

Conics : Definition, Directrix, Focus and Eccentricity, classification based on eccentricity.

Co-ordinate Geometry: Parabola

Parabola :Standard equation. Reduction of the form x = ay²+by+c or y = ax²+bx+c to the standard form y² = 4ax or x² = 4ay respectively. Elementary properties and parametric equation of a parabola.