Aromatic Aldehydes

Chemistry of Non-metallic Elements and their Compounds
Carbon – occurrence, isotopes, allotropes (graphite, diamond, fullerene); CO and CO₂ production, properties and uses.

Ionic and Redox Equilibria

Physical Chemistry of Solutions
Colloidal Solutions – differences from true solutions; Hydrophobic and hydrophilic colloids (examples and uses); Coagulation and peptization of colloids; Dialysis and its applications; Brownian motion; Tyndall effect and its applications; Elementary idea of emulsion, surfactant and micelle.
Electrolytic Solutions – Specific conductance, equivalent conductance, ionic conductance, Kohlrausch’s law, Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, applications. Numerical problems.

Chemical Energetics and Chemical Dynamics
Chemical Energetics – Conservation of energy principle, energy changes in physical and chemical transformations. First law of thermodynamics; Internal energy, work and heat, pressure-volume work; Enthalpy.

Gaseous state
Measurable properties of gases. Boyle’s Law and Charles Law, absolute scale of temperature, kinetic theory of gases, ideal gas equation – average, root mean square and most probable velocities and their relationship with temperature.