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☼ Jaininism:-

• According to Jain tradition there were 24 Tirthankaras.

• 'Tirthankaras' literally means 'ford makers across the stream of existence' .

☼ Sects of Buddhism.  (1) Hinayana , (2) Mahayana  (3) Vajrayana .

(1) Hinayana (i.e. the Lesser Vehicle):

(i) Its followers believed in the original teaching of Buddha.

☼ Buddhist Council.

(1) 1st Buddhist Council:-

• It was called by Ajatashatru (Harayanka Dynasty) in 483 BC at Saptaparni Cave, Rajgriha.

• Mahakassapa was the chairman of the 1st Buddhist Council.

From 6th Century BC to 4th Century BC various religious movements viz. Buddhism, Jainism etc. were born and grew up in the Post-Vedic Period known as the Period of Second urbanisation or the Age of Buddha .

Religious Movements (600 BC - 400 BC).

☼ Causes of Religious Movements:-

☼ Buddhism - Gautama Buddha's Life:-

☼ Buddhist Council:-

☼ Buddhist LiteratureI:-

☼ Royal Patrons of Buddhism:-

☼ Sects of Buddhism:-

☼ Bodhisattvas:-

• Macedonian Invasion— Alexander's Invasion (326 BC)•

• In the 4th century BC, the Greeks and the Iranian fought for the supremacy of the world. Under the leadership of Alexander of Macedonia, the Greek finally destroyed the Iranian empire.

► Foreign Invasions

☼ Iranian / Persian Invasion— Darius’s Invasion (516 BC).

☼ Nanda Dynasty : 344 BC - 323 BC.

• The Shisunaga dynasty was overthrown by Mahapadma who established a new line of kings known as the Nandas.

• Mahapadma was the founder of the Nanda dynasty.

☼ Shisunaga Dynasty : 412 BC - 344 BC.

• Nag-Dasak was unworthy to rule. So the people got disgusted and elected Shisunaga as the King, the minister of the last king.