Submitted by administrator on Mon, 03/25/2013 - 13:58

☼ Later Vedic Period [1000 BC - 600 BC] :

Geographical Area.

• During the later Vedic Period, the Aryan settlements covered virtually the whole of Northern India, the then called 'Aryavarta'.

• The centre of culture now shifted from Saraswati to Ganges i.e. Madhya desa.

• There was mention of more rivers such as Narmada, Sadanira (modern Gandak), Chambal etc.

• The expansion of people towards the east is indicated in a legend of Satapatha Brahamana- how Videha Madhava migrated from the Saraswati region, crossed Sadanira and came to the land of Videha (modern Tirhut).

• Emergence of Janapadas— Janapadas emerged such as Kuru (Combination of Purus and Bharatas), Panchala (Combination of Turvashas and Krivis), Kashi etc. in Doab region.

• Later Vedic literatures mention Vindhya mountain (Southern mountain).

• Reference to the territorial divisions the later Vedas gives three broad divisions of India, viz.  (i) Aryavarta (Northern India),   (ii) Madhya desa (Central India) and  (iii) Dakhinapath (Southern India).

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(i) Brahma Vivaha means giving the girl to a man with dowry.

(ii) Daiva Vivaha means giving the girl to the priest himself in lieu of his fees.